rāga
Sanskrit: राग rāga
Pāli: राग rāga
Tibetan: འདོད་ཆགས་ 'dod chags
Thai: ราคะ
English: attachment, desirous attachment, desire, passion
Español: apego, apego deseoso, deseo, pasión
Italiano: attaccamento, attaccamento desideroso, desiderio, passione
Grammatical analysis:
from the dhātu rañj (to be dyed, to be attached, etc.) + the kr̥t-pratyaya ghañ in the sense of the action itself (bhāve).
Analisi grammaticale:
dal dhātu rañj (da essere tinto, essere attaccato, ecc.) + il kr̥t-pratyaya ghañ nel senso dell’azione stessa (bhāve).
ข้อมูล ไวยากรณ์ (วฺยากรณ) :
สันสกฤต: ราค อ่าน: รา-คะ
จาก ธาตุรญฺชฺ (การย้อม, การติด, ..) + กฤตฺ-ปฺรตฺยย ฆญฺ ในแง่ของการกระทำนั่นเอง(ภาเว)
Análisis gramatical:
De dhātu rañj ( que significa “para ser teñido”, “para ser unido”, etc) + kr̥t-pratyaya ghañ en el sentido de la acción en si misma (bhāve)
Further information:
One of the three mental afflictions (kleśa). These are either listed as rāga, dveṣa moha, or as lobha, dveṣa, moha (attachment/greed, aversion, delusion).
Sometimes symbolised by a bird, and specifically a rooster, in bhavacakra-type of paintings.
ข้อมูลเพิ่มเติม:
หนึ่งในสามของกิเลส กิเลสนั้นสามารถระบุได้ว่าเป็น ราคะ(ราค), โทสะ(ทฺเวษ), โมหะ(โมห) หรือเป็น โลภ, โทสะ(ทฺเวษ), โมหะ(โมห)
บ้างก็ใช้สัญลักษณ์เป็น ไก่ตัวผู้ ในภาพวาดประเภท ภวจักร(ภวจกฺร)
Una de las tres aflicciones mentales (kleśa). Estas son designadas como rāga, dveṣa moha, o como lobha, dveṣa, moha (apego/codicia, rechazo, confusión/engaño)
A veces simbolizada como un pájaro, y especialmente como un gallo, en las pinturas estilo “bhavacakra”
Ulteriori informazioni:
Una delle tre afflizioni mentali (kleśa). Queste sono o elencate come rāga, dveṣa e moha o come lobha, dveṣa e moha (attaccamento/avidità, avversione, illusione). A volte simbolizzato da un uccello e specificamente un gallo nel dipinto del bhavacakra.
Examples:
Esempi:
rāgaḥ
dod chags
貪; 貪怒慾
(Mahāvyutpatti: https://www2.hf.uio.no/polyglotta/index.php?page=record&view=record&vid=263&mid=484390)
---
rāgād yadi bhavet pūrvaṃ rakto rāgatiraskṛtaḥ |
taṃ pratītya bhaved rāgo rakte rāgo bhavet sati ||1||
若離於染法 先自有染者
因是染欲者 應生於染法
|| gal te ’dod chags sṅa rol na | | ’dod chags med pa’i chags yod na |
| de la brten nas ’dod chags yod | | chags yod ’dod chags (7)yod par ’gyur |
If a desirous one without desire exists before desire, desire would exist dependent on that [desirous one]. [When] a desirous one exists, desire exists.
(Mūlamadhyamakakārikā: https://www2.hf.uio.no/polyglotta/index.php?page=record&view=record&vid=27&mid=119579)
Si existe alguien que desea sin deseo antes del deseo, el deseo existiría dependiendo de ese [que desea]. [Cuando] existe quien desea, existe el deseo.
Se una persona desiderosa, senza desiderio, esistesse prima del desiderio, l’esistenza del desiderio sarebbe dipendente da quella [persona desiderosa]. [Quando] una persona desiderosa esiste, il desiderio esiste.
---
atha vā yathā kasyacit puruṣasya nirmitakāyāṃ striyāṃ svabhāvaśūnyāyāṃ paramārthataḥ strīyam ity asadgrāhaḥ syāt, evaṃ tasyāṃ tenāsadgrāheṇa sa rāgam utpādayet |
此偈明何義 如化婦女實自體空 如或丈夫於化女身 生實有想起於欲心 彼虛妄取諸法亦爾
yaṅ na ji ltar skyes bu kha cig sprul pa’i bud med raṅ bźin gyis stoṅ pa yin pa la don dam par bud med do sñam du log par ’dzin par ’gyur ro || de’i phyir de log par ’dzin pa des de’i ’dod chags bskyed pa la
Or suppose that in an artificial woman, void of an intrinsic nature, some man should have the false notion that it is really a woman and, as a result of that false notion, should feel desire for her.
O supponi che riguardo ad una donna artificiale, vuota di esistenza intrinseca, qualche uomo abbia la falsa nozione che essa sia realmente una donna e, come risultato di tale falsa nozione, senta del desiderio per lei.
(Vigrahavyāvartanī: https://www2.hf.uio.no/polyglotta/index.php?page=record&view=record&vid=70&mid=122870)
O supongamos que por una mujer artificial, desprovista de una naturaleza intrínseca, algún hombre tuviera la falsa idea de que realmente es una mujer y, como resultado de esa falsa idea, sintiera deseo por ella.
rāgagatiṃ ca gacchati,
---
在怒害處
示行貪欲
雖復示行貪欲行趣
’dod chags kyi ’gro bar ’gro yaṅ
"He may follow the ways of desire,
“Lui può [anche] seguire le vie del desiderio,
(Vimalakīrtinirdeśasūtra: https://www2.hf.uio.no/polyglotta/index.php?page=record&view=record&vid=37&mid=130763)
“El puede seguir los caminos del deseo
---
anuśayato hi bālānām abhūtam atatsvabhāvaṃ vastu śubhākāreṇa vā nimittaṃ bhavati rāgotpattitaḥ | pratighākāreṇa vā dveṣotpattitaḥ | avidyākāreṇa vā mohotpattitaḥ |
此明何義。愚癡凡夫依結使煩惱。取不實事相。念故起於貪心。依瞋恚故4起於瞋心。依於無明虛妄念故起於癡心。
bag la ñal las ni yaṅ dag pa ma yin pa de’i raṅ bźin ma yin pa’i dṅos po byis pa rnams la ’dod chags bskyed pas na sdug pa’i rnam par ram | źe sdaṅ bskyed pas khoṅ khro ba’i rnam par ram | gti mug bskyed pas ma rig pa’i rnam pas rgyu mtshan du ’gyur ro ||
Indeed, people regard the unreal, i.e., ‘not of its nature’ thing as the [real] characteristic because of its desirable looks when Desire comes forth from its state of tendency; when Hatred comes forth [from its state of tendency], [they regard the unreal thing as the real characteristic] because of its detestable looks; and when Ignorance comes forth, then it is the same because of its obscure looks
(Ratnagotravibhāga: https://www2.hf.uio.no/polyglotta/index.php?page=record&view=record&vid=61&mid=144264)
Infatti, la gente considera ciò che non è reale, cioé della cosa ‘non della sua natura’ come la [vera] caratteristica a causa della sua apparenza desiderabile quando il desiderio esce fuori dal suo stato di [mera] tendenza; quando l’odio esce [fuori dal suo stato di mera tendenza], [essi considerano la cosa non reale come se avesse una reale caratteristica] a causa della sua apparenza detestabile; e quando l’ignoranza esce fuori è lo stesso a causa della sua apparenza oscura.
Ciertamente, la gente considera lo irreal, es decir, lo que "no es propio de su naturaleza" como la característica [real] debido a su apariencia deseable, cuando el Deseo surge de su estado de tendencia; cuando el Odio surge [de su estado de tendencia], [consideran que lo irreal es una característica real] debido a su aspecto detestable; y cuando surge la Ignorancia, entonces es lo mismo debido a su apariencia oculta.
---
tac ca rāgadveṣamohanimittam ayathābhūtam ārambaṇaṃ kurvatām ayoniśomanasikāraś cittaṃ paryādadāti | teṣām ayoniśomanasikāraparyavasthitacetasāṃ rāgadveṣamohānām anyatamakleśasamudācāro bhavati |
又復依彼貪瞋癡等虛妄分別。取不實事相。念起邪念心。依邪念心起於結使。依於結使起貪瞋癡。
’dod chags daṅ | źe sdaṅ daṅ | gti mug gi rgyu mtshan yaṅ dag pa ma yin pa de yaṅ dmigs par byed pas na tshul bźin ma yin pa yid la byed pas sems yoṅs su len to || sems tshul bźin ma yin pa yid la byed bar gnas pa de dag la | ’dod chags daṅ | źe sdaṅ daṅ | gti mug rnams las gaṅ yaṅ ruṅ ba’i ñon moṅs pa kun du spyod par ’gyur ro ||
And of those people who incorrectly take hold of characteristics of Desire, Hatred and Ignorance as the basis of cognition, the Irrational Thought occupies their mind. For those people whose mind is occupied with the Irrational Thought, there takes place the Defilement of any one of Desire, Hatred and Ignorance.
E per quelle persone che incorrettamente afferrano le caratteristiche del desiderio, dell’odio e dell’ignoranza come base della cognizione, il pensiero irrazionale occupa le loro menti. Per quelle persone la cui mente è occupata con il pensiero irrazionale, avviene la contaminazione di uno qualsiasi di desiderio, odio e ignoranza.
(Ratnagotravibhāga: https://www2.hf.uio.no/polyglotta/index.php?page=record&view=record&vid=61&mid=144265)
Y de aquellas personas que incorrectamente se apropian de las características del deseo, el odio y la ignorancia como la base de la cognición, el Pensamiento Irracional ocupa su mente. Para aquellas personas cuya mente está ocupada con el Pensamiento Irracional, tiene lugar la Contaminación de cualquiera Deseo, Odio e Ignorancia.
---
jam dpal de1 ltar bdag gi ’dod chags ji lta ba de bźin (D225b) du |2 ’dod chags la spyod pa thams cad kyi ’dod chags la blta bar bgyi’o ||
1. DLJNPST: da 2. DJNPQ: om. |
設使文殊師利。如我身欲(27)諸貪欲者亦復如是。
文殊師利。(4)如我貪瞋癡。一切衆生貪瞋癡亦復如是。
Thus, Mañjuśrī, I will look upon my own desire in the same way as upon the desire of all those behaving according to desire (evaṃ mañjuśrīr yathātmarāgaṃ tathā sarveṣāṃ rāgacaritānāṃ rāgaṃ darśayiṣyāmi);
(Mañjuṣrīvikrīḍitasūtra: https://www2.hf.uio.no/polyglotta/index.php?page=record&view=record&vid=20&mid=182163)
Quindi, Mañjuśrī, vedrò il mio desiderio allo stesso modo del desiderio di tutti coloro che si comportano in accordo al desiderio (evaṃ mañjuśrīr yathātmarāgaṃ tathā sarveṣāṃ rāgacaritānāṃ rāgaṃ darśayiṣyāmi);
Así, Mañjuśrī, veré mi propio deseo de la misma manera que el deseo de todos aquellos que se comportan de acuerdo con el deseo
---
(evaṃ mañjuśrīr yathātmarāgaṃ tathā sarveṣāṃ rāgacaritānāṃ rāgaṃ darśayiṣyāmi);
na te kāmā yāni citrāṇi loke saṃkalpa rāgaḥ puruṣasya kāmaḥ |
tiṣṭhanti citrāṇi tathaiva loke athātra dhīrā vinayanti cchandam |2,7|
(貪欲難解脱 離欲眞出家
不貪受快樂) 智者無所欲 71
1. =2,7
’jig rten sna tshogs (3)gaṅ de ’dod min gyi || skyes bu’i kun rtog ’dod chags ’dod pa yin ||
’jig rten sna tshogs de bźin gnas kyaṅ ni || ’on kyaṅ brten rnams ’di la ’dun pa ’dul ||1
1. =2,7
7. There is no being in the world who is not through his indecision affected by desires, yet they who are steadfast seek to free themselves of desires, though they do pervade the word.
7. Non c'è essere nel mondo che non sia afflitto dai desideri per la sua indecisione, ma coloro che sono risoluti cercano di liberarsi dai desideri, nonostante pervadano il mondo
(Udānavarga: https://www2.hf.uio.no/polyglotta/index.php?page=record&view=record&vid=71&mid=208342)
7. No hay ningún ser en el mundo que no se vea afectado por los deseos debido a su indecisión, sin embargo, los que son constantes buscan liberarse de los deseos, aunque sí, ellos impregnan la palabra.
---
alpam api cet sahitaṃ bhāṣamāṇo dharmasya bhavati hy anudharmacārī |
rāgaṃ ca doṣaṃ ca tathaiva mohaṃ prahāyabhāgī śrāmaṇyārthasya bhavati |4,23|
若聞惡而忍 説行人讃嘆
消除貪瞋癡 彼獲沙門性 221
1. =4,23
gal te rigs bcas ñuṅ du smra byed kyaṅ || chos kyi rjes (3)su chos la spyod pa daṅ ||
’dod chags źe sdaṅ gti mug spoṅ byed pa || de dag dge sbyoṅ skal ba thob pa yin ||
1
1. =4,23
23 (20). He who, though he can only recite a few lines (of the law), walks in the path of the law, and has forsaken passion, anger, and ignorance, he has a share in the priesthood.
23 (20). Colui che, anche se può solo recitare poche righe (della legge), cammina nel sentiero della legge e ha abbandonato passione, rabbia e ignoranza, lui ha una parte nel monachesimo.
(Udānavarga: https://www2.hf.uio.no/polyglotta/index.php?page=record&view=record&vid=71&mid=208400)
23 (20). Aquel, que aunque solo pueda recitar unas pocas líneas (de la ley), camina en el camino de la ley y ha abandonado la pasión, la ira y la ignorancia, tiene una participación en el sacerdocio.
---
kṣetrāṇi tṛṇadoṣāṇi rāgadoṣā tv iyaṃ prajā |
tasmād vigatarāgebhyo dattaṃ bhavati mahāphalam |16,16|
愛欲意爲田 婬怒癡爲種
故施度世者 得福無有量 131
1. =16,16
źiṅ gi skyon (5)ni rtswa yin ltar || skye dgu ’di la ’dod chags skyon ||
de bas ’dod chags bral rnams la || byin na ’bras bu chen por ’gyur ||1
1. =16,16
15 (356). ’Tis weeds that do damage a field, ’tis passions that damage mankind; he therefore who gives to them who are without passions will receive a great reward.
15 (356). ‘Queste sono erbacce che danneggiano un campo, sono passioni che danneggiano il genere umano perciò, colui che dà a coloro che sono senza passioni, riceverà una grande ricompensa.
(Udānavarga: https://www2.hf.uio.no/polyglotta/index.php?page=record&view=record&vid=71&mid=208667)
15 (356). "Las malas hierbas que dañan un campo", las pasiones que dañan a la humanidad; El que por lo tanto, da a los que están sin pasiones, recibirá una gran recompensa.
---
siñca bhikṣor imāṃ nāvaṃ siktā laghvī bhaviṣyati |
hitvā rāgaṃ ca doṣaṃ ca tato nirvāṇam eṣyasi |26,12|苾芻速杼船 以杼便當輕
求斷貪欲情 然後至圓寂 141
1. =26,12
khyod kyis gru ’di’i chu phyags daṅ || ’di ni yaṅ bar ’gyur ba ltar ||
de bźin (3)źe sdaṅ ’dod chags spoṅs || de nas mya ṅan ’das pa ’thob ||1
1. =26,12
12 (369). The pilot of this boat makes it light; so if you cast away hatred and passions, you will reach nirvâṇa?
(Udānavarga: https://www2.hf.uio.no/polyglotta/index.php?page=record&view=record&vid=71&mid=208918)
1. =26,12
12 (369). Il pilota di questa barca la rende leggera; così, se tu ti liberi dall’odio e dalle passioni, raggiungerai il nirvâṇa?
12 (369). El piloto de este barco lo hace ligero; Entonces, si desechas el odio y las pasiones, alcanzarás el nirvâṇa
yas tu utpalitaṃ nihanti rāgaṃ visṛtaṃ sarpaviṣaṃ yathauṣadhena |
sa tu bhikṣur idaṃ jahāty apāraṃ hy urago jīrṇam iva tvacaṃ purāṇam |32,62|
sbrul gyis dug btaṅ ba la sman bźin du || ’dod chags laṅs pa ’dul ba’i (7)dge sloṅ gaṅ ||
de ni pha rol min pa’i pha rol po || spoṅ ste sprul rgas pags rñiṅ rje ba bźin ||1
1. =32,62
57. As the physician cures the poison of the snake, so the Bhixu who conquers rising passions casts off what is and is not of the other shore, as a snake shuffles off its old worn-out skin.
57. Come il medico cura dal veleno di un serpente, allo stesso modo il Bhixu che conquista le crescenti passioni, getta sull’altra sponda ciò che è e che non è, come un serpente butta via la sua vecchia pelle.
(Udānavarga: https://www2.hf.uio.no/polyglotta/index.php?page=record&view=record&vid=71&mid=209287)
57. A medida que el médico cura el veneno de la serpiente, el Bhikhu que conquista las pasiones crecientes, desecha lo que es y no es de la otra orilla, como una serpiente que deja atrás su vieja y desgastada piel.
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yasya rāgaś ca doṣaś ca māno mrakṣaś ca śātitaḥ |
na lipyate yaś ca doṣair bravīmi brāhmaṇaṃ hi tam |33,40|
去其婬怒癡 憍慢諸惡行
針貫於芥子 是名爲梵志 391
1. =33,40
smyuṅ bu’i rtse la yuṅs kar ltar || gaṅ źig ’dod chags źe sdaṅ daṅ ||
ṅa rgyal ’chab pa (251b1)’joms pa de || bram ze yin par ṅas gsuṅs so ||1
1. =33,40
47. As a mustard seed on the point of a reed (drops off), so he who keeps passions, hatred, and selfishness under control, he, I declare, is a Brâhmana.
47. Come un seme di mostarda sulla punta di una canna (cade giù), così colui che tiene sotto controllo le passioni, l’odio e l’egoismo, lui, dichiaro, è un Brâhmana.
(Udānavarga: https://www2.hf.uio.no/polyglotta/index.php?page=record&view=record&vid=71&mid=209355)
47. Como una semilla de mostaza en la punta de una caña (se cae), así el que mantiene pasiones, odio y egoísmo bajo control, él, yo declaro, es un Brâhmana.
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rāgasya ca avarṇaṃ ca saṃprakāśayiṣyaṃti na ca kaṃcid dharmaṃ raktaṃ drakṣyaṃti |
’dod chags kyi skyon yaṅ ston la | chos gaṅ yaṅ ’dod chags par mi mthoṅ |
雖説貪欲之過而不見法有可貪者。
説毀欲(28)過不見一法可染。
They will proclaim the disgrace of passion, but still they will not see any impassioned moment of existence;
Essi proclameranno la disgrazia della passione ma, lo stesso, non vedranno alcun momento appassionato dell’esistenza;
(Udānavarga: https://www2.hf.uio.no/polyglotta/index.php?page=record&view=record&vid=71&mid=209355)
Ellos proclamarán la desgracia de la pasión, pero aún asi, no verán ningún momento apasionado de la existencia
---
วิธมิตํ วิโสสิตํ พฺยนฺตีกตํ ราโค วิธูมิโต วิธมิโต วิโสสิโต
พฺยนฺตีกโต โทโส โมโห โกโธ อุปนาโห มกฺโข ปฬาโส อิสฺสา
มจฺฉริยํ มายา สาเฐยฺยํ ถมฺโภ สารมฺโภ มาโน อติมาโน มโท
ปมาโท วิธูมิโต วิธมิโต วิโสสิโต พฺยนฺตีกโต สพฺเพ กิเลสา
สพฺเพ ทุจฺจริตา สพฺเพ ทรถา สพฺเพ ปริฬาหา สพฺเพ สนฺตาปา
สพฺพากุสลาภิสงฺขารา วิธูมิตา วิธมิตา วิโสสิตา พฺยนฺตีกตา ฯ
อปิจ โกโธ วุจฺจติ ธูโม
มาโน หิ เต พฺราหฺมณ ขาริภาโร
โกโธ ธูโม คมฺมนิ ๑- โมสวชฺชํ
ชิวฺหา สุชา ตปฺปรสฺส ๒- โชติฏฺฐานํ
อตฺตา สุทนฺโต ปุริสสฺส ชาติ ๓- ฯ
คำว่า วิธูโม ความว่า กายทุจริต วจีทุจริต มโนทุจริต อันพระอรหันตขีณาสพขจัด
แล้ว กำจัดแล้ว ให้เหือดแห้งแล้ว ทำให้สิ้นสุดแล้ว ราคะ โทสะ โมหะ ความโกรธ ...
ความประมาท กิเลสทั้งปวง ... อกุสลาภิสังขารทั้งปวง อันพระอรหันตขีณาสพขจัดแล้ว กำจัด
แล้ว ให้เหือดแห้งแล้ว ทำให้สิ้นสุดแล้ว.
อนึ่ง ความโกรธท่านกล่าวว่า เป็นดังควัน
ดูกรพราหมณ์ ท่านมีมานะเปรียบเหมือนดังเครื่องหาบ มี
ความโกรธเปรียบเหมือนควัน มีการพูดเท็จเปรียบเหมือนเถ้า
มีลิ้นเปรียบเหมือนทัพพี หฤทัยของสัตว์ทั้งหลายเปรียบ
เหมือนสถานที่บูชายัญของท่าน ตนที่ฝึกดีแล้ว เป็นกำเนิด
ของบุรุษ.
(พระไตรปิฎก เล่มที่ ๓๐ พระสุตตันตปิฎก เล่มที่ ๒๒ ขุททกนิกาย จูฬนิทเทส
TIPITAKA Volume 30 : Sutta Pitaka Vol 22 : Sutta. Khu. Cūḷaniddeso: http://www.84000.org/tipitaka/read/roman_item_s.php?book=30&item=116&items=30)